They recognized the diversity of the sequences that intervened the direct repeats among different strains of M. In 1993, researchers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands published two articles about a cluster of interrupted direct repeats (DR) in that bacterium. They did not know the function of the interrupted clustered repeats. Repeated sequences are typically arranged consecutively, without interspersed different sequences. The organization of the repeats was unusual. They accidentally cloned part of a CRISPR sequence together with the " iap" gene (isozyme conversion of alkaline phosphatase) from the genome of Escherichia coli that was their target. The first description of what would later be called CRISPR is from Osaka University researcher Yoshizumi Ishino and his colleagues in 1987. The discovery of clustered DNA repeats took place independently in three parts of the world. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms. Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism Ĭas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence.
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